Thursday, July 5, 2012
Tuesday, July 3, 2012
Government by Country
Anarchism --> Absence of government. Anarchism is not a form of government -- it is the belief that governments are harmful and unnecessary.
Democracy --> Rule by a government where the People as a whole hold the power.
Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria
Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic
Denmark, Dominican Republic
El Salvador, Estonia
Finland, France
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana
Honduras, Hungary
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy
Jamaica, Japan
Kiribati, Korea (South & North)
Latvia, Lesotha, Lithuania,
Mali, Malta,, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia
Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway
Palau, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal
Romania
Singapore, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden
Thailand, Taiwan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu
Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay
Constitutional republic --> Rule by a government composed of representatives who are voted into power by the people that the government controls. A republic is a state or country that is not led by a hereditary monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people) have an impact on its government. The word originates from the Latin term res publica.
This is a list of countries (mostly European or Asian) by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a republican form of government. There were two periods in recent history when most such transitions took place:
during or within five years after the First World War (1914-1923) – marked in green;
during or within five years after the Second World War (1940-1950) – marked in pink.
San Marino, often called "the world's oldest republic", is an exception as it was a republic from its inception. Some of the countries on this list were part of larger, now extinct, states (such as the Russian Empire or Yugoslavia) when the transition to a republic took place. Countries where non-republican forms of government (such monarchy, theocracy etc.) persist are not included in this list. Some were also former Commonwealth Realms.
Country -->Republic since ---> Notes
San Marino--> September 3, 301 -->Republic founded by Saint Marinus (traditional date)
Switzerland--> October 24, 1648 -->Switzerland recognized as independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia
France --> September 4, 1870 -->Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War
Brazil --> November 15, 1889 --> Emperor Peter II deposed by a military coup led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, Republic proclaimed.
Philippines --> July 1, 1902 --> The Philippine Organic Act established a Philippine legislature with a popularly elected lower house.
Portugal --> October 5, 1910 --> King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the 1910 revolution
People's Republic of China --> October 10, 1911 --> Republic of China proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution
Republic of China (Taiwan) -->
Armenia --> September 14, 1917 --> Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Russia
Ukraine
Czech Republic -->October 18, 1918
Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed
Slovakia
Lithuania --> November 2, 1918
King Mindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed
Germany --> November 9, 1918
Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution
Austria --> November 12, 1918
Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles
Poland --> November 14, 1918
Power transferred from the Regency Council to State Leader Józef Piłsudski
Finland --> December 14, 1918
King Frederic Charles renounced the throne
Turkmenistan --> April 26, 1920
Khan Abd Allah Khan deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed
Lebanon --> July 23, 1920
French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun
Syria
Tajikistan --> October 8, 1920
Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed
Uzbekistan
Turkey --> October 29, 1923
Republic of Turkey proclaimed as a result of the Turkish War of Independence
Mongolia --> November 25, 1925
Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed
Moldova --> August 2, 1940
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Moldavia by the Soviet Union
Iceland --> June 17, 1944
Republic of Iceland established after a referendum
Democratic People's Republic of Korea --> August 15, 1945
Korea liberated from Japan and People's Republic of Korea established, divided into DPRK and RK a month later
Republic of Korea
Indonesia --> August 17, 1945
Republic of Indonesia proclaimed triggering the Indonesian National Revolution
Vietnam --> August 25, 1945
Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed
Bosnia and Herzegovina --> November 29, 1945
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile
Croatia
Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovenia
Albania --> January 1, 1946
People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while King Zog was in exile
Hungary --> February 1, 1946
Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed
Italy --> June 12, 1946
King Umberto II renounced the throne and Italian Republic was established after a referendum
Bulgaria --> September 15, 1946
Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum
Romania --> December 30, 1947
King Michael abdicated and Romanian People's Republic was proclaimed
Myanmar (Burma) --> January 4, 1948
Burmese independence declared
Israel --> May 14, 1948
State of Israel proclaimed
Ireland --> April 18, 1949
Republic of Ireland Act came into force
Republic of India -->January 26, 1950
Constitution of India came into effect
Bangladesh --> March 23, 1956
Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor General Iskander Mirza became President
Pakistan
Iraq --> July 14, 1958
King Faisal II deposed and killed, and Republic of Iraq proclaimed in a military coup d'état
Cyprus --> August 16, 1960
Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted
Yemen --> September 27, 1962
King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed
Singapore --> August 9, 1965
Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia
Maldives --> November 11, 1968
Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum
Sri Lanka --> May 22, 1972 Sri Lankan constitution adopted
Greece --> June 1, 1973 Hellenic Republic proclaimed
Afghanistan --> July 17, 1973 King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état
Malta --> December 13, 1974 Republic of Malta proclaimed
Laos --> December 2, 1975 King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution
Iran --> February 11, 1979
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution
Fiji --> October 06, 1987
Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka
Mauritius --> March 12, 1992 Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of the constitution changes
Nepal --> May 28, 2008 Monarchy abolished and replaced with secular federal republic
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Plutocracy --> A government composed of the wealthy class. Any of the forms of government listed here can be plutocracy. For instance, if all of the voted representatives in a republic are wealthy, then it is a republic and a plutocracy.
Singapore
Location:Asia
Neighboring Countries:Malaysia,Indonesia,and Thailand
Capital:Singapore
Population:4.48million
Country Animal:Lion
Literacy percentage :95.7%
Exports:Petroleum,Wax,and Tobbaco
Imports:Vegetables
Main Religions:Hindu and Islam
Main Language:English
Government: Republic
Currency:Singapore Dollar
Sunday, June 14, 2009
Monday, May 25, 2009
Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)
1) Portugal
2) Brazil, South America and
five former colonies in Africa
a) Angola
b) Cape Verde
c) Guinea-Bissau
d) Mosambique
e) Sao Tome and Principe
f) East Timor joined the community in 2002 after gaining independence.
One of the features of the CPLP is that its members are linked by a common language and shared cultural features, which form a bridge among countries separated by great distances and on different continents.
In 2005, during a meeting in Luanda, the ministers of culture of the eight countries declared the 5 May as the Lusophone Culture Day.
In July 2006, during the Bissau summit,
g) Equatorial Guinea and
h) Mauritius were admitted as Associate Observers along with 17 International associations and organizations considered as Consultative Observers.
In 2008,
i) Senegal was admitted as Associate Observer.
East Timor (An Over View)
East Timor is located in southeastern Asia. East Timor is bordered by the Savu Sea and the Timor Sea. Timor comes from the Malay word for "East"; the island of Timor is part of the Malay Archipelago and is the largest and easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands
Diving in Timor Leste is simply fantastic, a great reason more and more people choose to travel to East Timor. Great visibility in the dry season and warm tropical water the whole year round are guaranteed here. Explore an unbelievable variety of pristine, live coral and aquatic species while drifting through the underwater canyon between the mainland and Ata’uro.
History of East Timor:
1520 Timor was first colonized by the Portuguese.
1613 The Dutch, who claimed many of the surrounding islands, took control of the western portion of the island in.
1860 Portugal and the Netherlands fought over the island until a treaty divided Timor, granting Portugal the eastern half of the island as well as the western enclave of Oecussi.
1942-1945: Australia and Japan fought each other on the island during World War II; nearly 50,000 East Timorese died during the subsequent Japanese occupation.
1949: The Netherlands gave up its colonies in the Dutch East Indies, including West Timor, and the nation of Indonesia was born.
1949-1975: East Timor remained under Portuguese control, when the Portuguese abruptly pulled out after 455 years of colonization. The sudden Portuguese withdrawal left the island vulnerable.
July 16, 1976: Nine days after the Democratic Republic of East Timor was declared an independent nation.
July 25, 1976: Indonesia invaded and annexed it. Although no country except Australia officially recognized the annexation, Indonesia's invasion was sanctioned by the United States and other western countries, who had cultivated Indonesia as a trading partner and cold-war ally. An unsuccessful campaign of pacification followed over the next two decades, during which an estimated 100,000 to 250,000 individuals lost their lives.
30 August 1999: With UN supervised majority of the people of Timor-Leste voted for independence from Indonesia.
September 1999: Anti-independence Timorese militias - organized and supported by the Indonesian military - commenced a large-scale, scorched-earth campaign of retribution. The militias killed approximately 1,400 Timorese and forcibly pushed 300,000 people into western Timor as refugees. The majority of the country's infrastructure, including homes, irrigation systems, water supply systems, and schools, and nearly 100% of the country's electrical grid were destroyed.
http://www.timor-leste.gov.tl/AboutTimorleste/history.htm
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By Regulation 2000/7 of 24 January 2000, the United States dollar (US$) became the new legal tender in East Timor. This means that all official transactions must be carried out in US$. For example, payments of your electricity bill will have to be made in US$. However, if you want to, you can use other currencies present in East Timor - the Indonesian rupiah, Australian dollar, Portuguese escudo and Thai baht - for every day business.
Area - comparative: slightly larger than Connecticut
Land boundaries: total: 228 km border countries: Indonesia 228 km
Coastline: 706 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons
Terrain: mountainous
Government type: republic
Ethnic groups: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese minority
Religions: Roman Catholic 98%, Muslim 1%, Protestant 1% (2005)
Languages: Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people
Exports - commodities: coffee, sandalwood, marble; note - potential for oil and vanilla exports
Flag description: red, with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) superimposed on a slightly longer yellow arrowhead that extends to the center of the flag; a white star is in the center of the black triangle
Resource: CIA fact books
Sunday, May 17, 2009
BRAZIL over view
Brazil occupies roughly half of south America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean on the East and north East and all other south american countries except Ecuador and Chile ( bordering countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guiana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela. By comparison, Brazil is slightly smaller in land mass than the United States.
Most of Brazil climate is tropical, with the south being relatively temperate.
The largest river in Brazil: Amazon (The longest in the world).
The highest point in Brazil isPico da Neblina.
The lowest point in Brazil is sea level along the nation's Atlantic coast.
International disputes:
short section of the boundary with Paraguay, just west of Salto das Sete Quedas (Guaira Falls) on the Rio Parana, is in dispute;
two short sections of boundary with Uruguay are in dispute - Arroio Invernada (Arroyo de la Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai (Rio Cuareim) and the islands at the confluence of the Rio Quarai and the Uruguay River
The rainforest that covers the Amazon Basin constitutes almost half of the rainforests on Earth.
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in north; some plains, hills, mountains, and narrow coastal belt
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese, bauxite, nickel, uranium, phosphates, tin, hydropower, gold, platinum, petroleum, timber.
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Political map:
http//www.brazilmapxl.com/regional-map.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Brazil
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History of Brazil:
Brazil is the only Latin American nation that derives its language and culture from Portugal. The native inhabitants mostly consisted of the nomadic Tupí-Guaraní Indians. Adm. Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed the territory for Portugal in 1500. The early explorers brought back a wood that produced a red dye, pau-brasil, from which the land received its name. Portugal began colonization in 1532 and made the area a royal colony in 1549.
During the Napoleonic Wars, King João VI, fearing the advancing French armies, fled Portugal in 1808 and set up his court in Rio de Janeiro. João was drawn home in 1820 by a revolution, leaving his son as regent.
When Portugal tried to reimpose colonial rule, the prince declared Brazil's independence on Sept. 7, 1822, becoming Pedro I, emperor of Brazil. Harassed by his parliament, Pedro I abdicated in 1831 in favor of his five-year-old son, who became emperor in 1840 (Pedro II). The son was a popular monarch, but discontent built up, and in 1889, following a military revolt, he abdicated. Although a republic was proclaimed, Brazil was ruled by military dictatorships until a revolt permitted a gradual return to stability under civilian presidents.
President Wenceslau Braz cooperated with the Allies and declared war on Germany during World War I. In World War II, Brazil again cooperated with the Allies, welcoming Allied air bases, patrolling the South Atlantic, and joining the invasion of Italy after declaring war on the Axis powers.
After a military coup in 1964, Brazil had a series of military governments. Gen. João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo became president in 1979 and pledged a return to democracy in 1985.
The election of Tancredo Neves on Jan. 15, 1985, the first civilian president since 1964, brought a nationwide wave of optimism, but when Neves died several months later, Vice President José Sarney became president. Collor de Mello won the election of late 1989, pledging to lower hyperinflation with free-market economics. When Collor faced impeachment by Congress because of a corruption scandal in Dec. 1992 and resigned, Vice President Itamar Franco assumed the presidency.
A former finance minister, Fernando Cardoso, won the presidency in the Oct. 1994 election with 54% of the vote. Cardoso sold off inefficient government-owned monopolies in the telecommunications, electrical power, port, mining, railway, and banking industries.
In Jan. 1999, the Asian economic crisis spread to Brazil. Rather than prop up the currency through financial markets, Brazil opted to let the currency float, which sent the real plummeting—at one time as much as 40%. Cardoso was highly praised by the international community for quickly turning around his country's economic crisis.
Despite his efforts, however, the economy remained sluggish throughout 2001, and the country also faced an energy crisis. The IMF offered Brazil an additional aid package in Aug. 2001. And in Aug. 2002, to ensure that Brazil would not be dragged down by neighboring Argentina's catastrophic economic problems, the IMF agreed to lend Brazil a phenomenal $30 billion over fifteen months.
The Lula Administration Oversees Economic and Social Reform
In Jan. 2003, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a former trade union leader and factory worker widely known by the name Lula, became Brazil's first working-class president. As leader of Brazil's only Socialist party, the Workers' Party, Lula pledged to increase social services and improve the lot of the poor. But he also recognized that a distinctly nonsocialist program of fiscal austerity was needed to rescue the economy. The president's first major legislative success was a plan to reform the country's debt-ridden pension system, which operated under an annual $20 billion deficit. Civil servants staged massive strikes opposing this and other reforms. Although public debt and inflation remained a problem in 2004, Brazil's economy showed signs of growth and unemployment was down.
Polls in Aug. 2004 demonstrated that the majority of Brazilians supported Lula's tough economic reform efforts. He combined his conservative fiscal policies with ambitious antipoverty programs, raising the country's minimum wage by 25% and introducing an ambitious social welfare program, Bolsa Familia, which has pulled 36 million people (20% of the population) out of deep poverty.
In 2005, an unfolding bribery scandal weakened Lula's administration and led to the resignation of several high government officials. Lula issued a televised apology in August, promising “drastic measures” to reform the political system. By the following year, his popularity had rebounded as he continued a successful balancing act between fiscal responsibility and a strong social welfare system.
After another corruption scandal surfaced right before the Oct. 2006 election, Lula won only 48.6% of the vote, forcing a runoff election on Oct. 29 in which Lula garnered 60.8% of the vote, retaining his office.
(source wikipedia /infospace).
Sunday, May 10, 2009
What is the Relationship between Geography and Other Subjects?
·Mathematics
·Environmental Science
·Civics
·History
·Agriculture Science
a) The Relationship between Geography and English:
In learning Geography you will use the English language or use words in English. So as you learn Geography, you will learn new words in English.
b) Relationship between Geography and Environment Science:
Geography is the study of man and the environment while Environmental science is the study of the environment.
c) Relationship between Geography and Civics:
Civics is the study of man and how he governs himself while Geography looks at how man's policies affect the environment.
d) Relationship between Geography and Mathematics.
Mathematics is the study of numbers while in Geography you use mathematics to calculate time, distance and so on.
e) Relationship between Geography and History:
In History you learn about important events that happened in the past while in Geography you learn about reasons and relationships of events in the past or present.
f) Relationship between Geography and Agriculture Science:
Agriculture Science is the study of the rearing of animals and production of crops while Geography looks at how farming activities are distributed due to environmental.
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