Government by Country

Government is defined as the body within an organization that has authority and function to make and the power to enforce laws, regulations, or rules. Typically, government refers to a civil government -- local, provincial, or national.

However, commercial, academic, religious, or other formal organizations are also governed by internal bodies. Such bodies may be called boards of directors, managers, or governors or they may be known as the administration or councils of elders.

Types of government:

Anarchism --> Absence of government. Anarchism is not a form of government -- it is the belief that governments are harmful and unnecessary.

Democracy --> Rule by a government where the People as a whole hold the power.

List of Democratic country:

Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria
Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic
Denmark, Dominican Republic
El Salvador, Estonia
Finland, France
Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana
Honduras, Hungary
Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy
Jamaica, Japan
Kiribati, Korea (South & North)
Latvia, Lesotha, Lithuania,
Mali, Malta,, Mexico, Micronesia, Mongolia
Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway
Palau, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal
Romania
Singapore, Sao Tome & Principe, Senegal, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden
Thailand, Taiwan, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu
Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay

Constitutional republic --> Rule by a government composed of representatives who are voted into power by the people that the government controls. A republic is a state or country that is not led by a hereditary monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people) have an impact on its government. The word originates from the Latin term res publica.

This is a list of countries (mostly European or Asian) by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a republican form of government. There were two periods in recent history when most such transitions took place:
during or within five years after the First World War (1914-1923) – marked in green;
during or within five years after the Second World War (1940-1950) – marked in pink.

San Marino, often called "the world's oldest republic", is an exception as it was a republic from its inception. Some of the countries on this list were part of larger, now extinct, states (such as the Russian Empire or Yugoslavia) when the transition to a republic took place. Countries where non-republican forms of government (such monarchy, theocracy etc.) persist are not included in this list. Some were also former Commonwealth Realms.

Country -->Republic since ---> Notes
San Marino--> September 3, 301 -->Republic founded by Saint Marinus (traditional date)
Switzerland--> October 24, 1648 -->Switzerland recognized as independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia
France --> September 4, 1870 -->Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War
Brazil --> November 15, 1889 --> Emperor Peter II deposed by a military coup led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, Republic proclaimed.
Philippines --> July 1, 1902 --> The Philippine Organic Act established a Philippine legislature with a popularly elected lower house.

Portugal --> October 5, 1910 --> King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the 1910 revolution
People's Republic of China --> October 10, 1911 --> Republic of China proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution
Republic of China (Taiwan) -->

Armenia --> September 14, 1917 --> Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic

Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Russia
Ukraine
Czech Republic -->October 18, 1918
Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed
Slovakia
Lithuania --> November 2, 1918
King Mindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed
Germany --> November 9, 1918
Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution
Austria --> November 12, 1918
Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles
Poland --> November 14, 1918
Power transferred from the Regency Council to State Leader Józef Piłsudski
Finland --> December 14, 1918
King Frederic Charles renounced the throne
Turkmenistan --> April 26, 1920
Khan Abd Allah Khan deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed
Lebanon --> July 23, 1920
French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun
Syria
Tajikistan --> October 8, 1920
Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed
Uzbekistan
Turkey --> October 29, 1923
Republic of Turkey proclaimed as a result of the Turkish War of Independence
Mongolia --> November 25, 1925
Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed
Moldova --> August 2, 1940
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Moldavia by the Soviet Union
Iceland --> June 17, 1944
Republic of Iceland established after a referendum
Democratic People's Republic of Korea --> August 15, 1945
Korea liberated from Japan and People's Republic of Korea established, divided into DPRK and RK a month later
Republic of Korea
Indonesia --> August 17, 1945
Republic of Indonesia proclaimed triggering the Indonesian National Revolution
Vietnam --> August 25, 1945
Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed
Bosnia and Herzegovina --> November 29, 1945
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile
Croatia
Macedonia
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovenia
Albania --> January 1, 1946
People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while King Zog was in exile
Hungary --> February 1, 1946
Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed
Italy --> June 12, 1946
King Umberto II renounced the throne and Italian Republic was established after a referendum
Bulgaria --> September 15, 1946
Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum
Romania --> December 30, 1947
King Michael abdicated and Romanian People's Republic was proclaimed
Myanmar (Burma) --> January 4, 1948
Burmese independence declared
Israel --> May 14, 1948
State of Israel proclaimed
Ireland --> April 18, 1949
Republic of Ireland Act came into force
Republic of India -->January 26, 1950
Constitution of India came into effect
Bangladesh --> March 23, 1956
Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor General Iskander Mirza became President
Pakistan
Iraq --> July 14, 1958
King Faisal II deposed and killed, and Republic of Iraq proclaimed in a military coup d'état
Cyprus --> August 16, 1960
Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted
Yemen --> September 27, 1962
King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed
Singapore --> August 9, 1965
Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia
Maldives --> November 11, 1968
Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum
Sri Lanka --> May 22, 1972 Sri Lankan constitution adopted
Greece --> June 1, 1973 Hellenic Republic proclaimed
Afghanistan --> July 17, 1973 King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état
Malta --> December 13, 1974 Republic of Malta proclaimed
Laos --> December 2, 1975 King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution
Iran --> February 11, 1979
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution
Fiji --> October 06, 1987
Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka
Mauritius --> March 12, 1992 Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of the constitution changes
Nepal --> May 28, 2008 Monarchy abolished and replaced with secular federal republic

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Plutocracy --> A government composed of the wealthy class. Any of the forms of government listed here can be plutocracy. For instance, if all of the voted representatives in a republic are wealthy, then it is a republic and a plutocracy.

Oligarchy - Rule by a small group of people who share similar interests or family relations.

Constitutional Monarchy - A government that has a monarch, but his/her power is strictly limited by the government. Example: U.K.

Theocracy - Rule by a religious elite.

Monarchy - Rule by an individual who has inherited the role and expects to bequeath it to their heir.

Dictatorship - Rule by an individual who has full power over the country. See also Autocracy and Stratocracy.

Some countries have hybrid forms of Government such as modern Iran with its combination of democratic and theocratic institutions, and constitutional monarchies such as The netherlands combine elements of monarchy and democracy.